Test 2 Minimal Knowledge Base
Chapter 21 Respiration
Know the anatomical path air takes from the mouth and nose all the way to the alveoli, and the epithelia and other cell types (by name and function) of the respiratory system.  Know Table 21.1
Know the four distinct processes of respiration.  
Know where conducting and respiratory zones lie in the respiratory pathway.  
Know the active and passive processes in ventilation.
Know all serosa covered in Chapter 21 and 22 and which is greater in area.  
Know the definition and volume of an average male’s tidal volume, and be familiar with pressures and term labeling in Figures 21.12, 21.13, 21.15, 21.16, 
Know what internal and external respiration mean. 
Know the relative effectiveness of oxygen, carbon dioxide and H+ in stimulating ventilation, and know the effect of Po2 and Pco2 on alveolar capillary flow.  
Know how hemoglobin binds to oxygen and what factors make it bind more (or less) strongly (pH and  CO2).  Hemoglobin also binds CO2. 

Chapter 22 Digestion
Know the anatomical path food, chime and feces take from the mouth all the way to the anus, and the epithelia and other cell types (by name and function) of the digestive system and its supporting glands.  Know the different regions of each digestive organ.  Know the 6 processes outlined in Figure 22.2
Know the circulatory systems within the peritoneal cavity.
Know the layers of all the digestive organs and what cell types are contained within each layer.  
Know how many types of salivary glands we have and their names and locations.
No Teeth.
Know how to identify all objects (and their function) in Fig22.14, 22.15, 22.16  
Know what is involved in swallowing, the regulation of secretion (cephalic, gastric and intestinal) and emptying of stomach and intestines.  Know the roles of liver, pancreas and gall bladder in digestion.  Know the anatomy of the liver and Figure 22.24, and Figures on pp 773-775.  Have an understanding of Table 22.2 and Figure 22.33.   What is bile composed of, what are bile salts, and how does bile get into the liver and how does it get into the intestine? What regulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion/production, and what stimuli affect pyloric and ileocecal sphincters.
What are the different portions of the large intestine (Fig. 22.29a)?

Chapter 23 Nutrition & Metabolism
Know the food pyramid, the three energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and their roles in cell structure and function.  Which of these contain energy (calories), and which don’t?  What is the role of cholesterol and does it produce calories?  Know the names of the oil-soluble vs water soluble vitamins (functions of each will be covered in Test 3).  Know the seven major minerals and have an understanding of their roles.  What is a(n) complete protein, essential nutrient, what is catabolism, anabolism, oxidation, reduction, oxidase, dehydrogenase, lipolysis, glycolysis to lactate vs pyruvate, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, Krebs cycle, ketone body, triglyceride, cholesterol, fatty acid, glycerol, HDL, LDL?  The intermediate steps and enzymes of glycolysis and Krebs cycle will not be covered, but an appreciation for converting fats, sugars and amino acids (Figures 23.3, 23.13, 23.16) is expected.  
Joe