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Quiz # 2: English 4300 Crafton

1. Transcribe the following Old English sentence into IPA. (Remember to transcribe does not mean translate into modern English.)

Fá'áder ure 7u 7e eart on heofonum; Si 7in nama gehalgod.

Hwá'át, we gardena in geardagum; 7eodcyniga 7rym gefrunon.

2. How is the OE noun inflected?

3. What distinguishes the strong verb from the weak verb in OE?

4. When is a strong adjective used and when is a weak one used?

5. What do we inherit from the OE noun system in Modern English?

6. What are the three levels of influence of Latin on the Old English lexicon and how do they differ regarding the degree of influence?

7. List at least five ways that OE spelling is different from Modern English. (Hint: one way is the different graphics)

8. How does OE syntax differ from Modern English and what modern uses do we have of the following cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative?

9. From the videotape "The Guid Scots Tongue" what is the origin of Appalachian English. How is the argument made?

10. Discuss in a beautifully wrought paragraph the following dates: 449 (450), 597, 878, 1066

Quiz # 2: English 4300 Crafton

1. Transcribe the following Old English sentence into IPA. (Remember to transcribe does not mean translate into modern English.)

Oft scyld shefing scea7ena 7reatum, monegum mæg7um.

2. When did the Romans first arrive in England? When did they really conquer the island? What contribution did they make to English culture? How much did the Romans influence Anglo-Saxon?

3. What did the Synod of Whitby signify? When did it occur?

4. What happened in 878 of major linguistic importance?

5. When were the three periods of Latin influence upon Old English and what was the extent of influence of each period?

1. Date_____________ ;

2. Date_____________ ;

3. Date_____________ ;

6.What are the four cases of OE declensions and what is the primary of each one?

7. What is meant by the seven classes of weak verbs?

8. What is the difference between strong and weak adjectives and when is one used instead of the other?

9. Cite three ways the OE alphabet was different from ours.

What major changes did the Scandinavians effect for the English Language?

Quiz # 2: English 4300 Crafton

[Turn in this sheet completed in order to pick up #10.]

1. Transcribe the following Old English sentence into IPA. (Remember to transcribe does not mean translate into modern English.)

Fæder ure 7u 7e eart on heofonum; Si 7in nama gehalgod.

2. (1) Who were the first Indo-Europeans in England? (2) When were they there? (3) Where are they now? (4) How much influence did they have on the development of English?

3. When and where did the major sources of Christianity come to England?

4. What is meant by the OE Heptarchy and Brewalda?

5. What influences did the Scandinavian (i.e. Norse, Viking, Danish) language have on OE?

1. lexicon

2. grammar

6.What are the four cases of OE declensions and what is the primary of each one?

7. What inflectional endings does Modern English have left from OE? Cite at least three.

8. What is the difference between strong and weak adjectives and when is one used instead of the other?

9. Mention at least two ways that OE lexicon could be expanded without borrowing words from other languages.

Test # 2: Part II.

10. Using your books translate the following sentence into modern English and explain how you did it.

7a scipu drifon 7one cyning and his fæder ofer 7æt sæ.

For extra credit, translate the following sentence.

So7lice on 7am dagum wæs geworden gebod fram 7am casere Augusto, 7æ eall ymbehwyrft wære tomearco.

Quiz # 3: English 4300 Crafton

1. Transcribe the following two lines into IPA. (You can easily transcribe each above or below the printed line.)

Whan that April with his shoures soote.

hwa nne 7a t Aprilis mid his scurum swetum.

2. What happened to English orthography after 1066. Give some examples.

3. The sound changes between Old English and Middle English were few. Illustrate your knowledge of them by explaining how OE hlaford become ME lord.

4. The grammar of English is radically simplified by the ME period. What is the nature of this simplification? What remains in ME from the OE system. (You might want to use this phrase to help illustrate your answer: "the yonge sonne."

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5. Explain the change from swetum to sweet using your chronological chart of the loss of inflectional endings.

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6. How did 1066 occur? Use 1016 and 1042 as part of your answer.

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7. Where did Norman French flourish between 1066 and say 1250?

8. How was the French connection severed? Use 1204 and

1337 in your answer.

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9. The great flourish of early Middle English poetry (Chaucer, the Pearl Poet, Langland, Gower) occurred between 1370 and 1400roughly. What connection might be made between this occurrence and the 1362 Statute of Pleading.

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10. What did the English language and culture gain from the conquest of 1066?

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Extra credit: Illustrate the tri-lingualism of 13th to 14thcentury England.

Quiz # 3: English 440/640 Winter 1993 Crafton

1. Transcribe the following lines into IPA. (You can easily transcribe each above or below the printed line.) Hint: Look carefully at Shakespeare's pronunciation.

1) Present: When April with its sweet showers.

2) 16th Cen: When as April with it's showers sweet.

3) 14th Cen: Whan that April with his shoures soote.

4) 9th Cen: hwænne 7æt aprilis mid his scurum swetum.

2. What orthographical changes did the language undergo as it developed in the 14th-16th centuries. You may refer to the passage above.

3. Notice is the lines above that the neuter pronoun "his" evolves into "it's" and then the modern "its." Explain this development. (Hint: You must include the "his genitive" in your explanation.)

4. Discuss the development of the pronoun system in the Middle English and Renaissance periods.

5. The morphological changes indicated above in the difference between "scurum swetum" changes to "showers sweet" can be explained using a handy chart of the history of the loss of inflectional endings. Using said chart, explain the change from OE to ModE.

6. Where did "she" come from, and why did the language need to develop a "she"? (Hint: Adam and God have little to do with this one.)

7. How did Norman French become so influential in the 11th century and what prevented English from dying out during this period?

8. What changes in the Middle English lexicon occurred due to the French invasion?

9. List at least five reasons for the recognition of the vernacular in the Renaissance period.

10. How and to what extent did humanism influence the language and what reaction did that movement generate in others. (Hint: inkhornisms)

Extra credit: I (5 points): Illustrate the trilingual character of Middle English.

II (5 more points): Cite some of the Purists' native versions of Latinate words that did not become popular.

Test # 4: English 4300

On internal state of Early Modern English

1. Cite some orthographical peculiarities of EModE.

2. What is the "his genitive" and the "group genitive"?

3. What is the most significant sound change in EModE? Explain using examples and a diagram.

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4. Reiterate "one of the many possible explanations of this occurrence.

5. What role does the establishment of the printing press have to do with sound changes and spelling?

6. Whence do vernacular standards emerge, that is, from what sphere of activity?

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7. What obstacles did English have to overcome in becoming a vernacular standard?

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8. Cite at least three factors leading to the acceptance of English as vernacular standard.

9. What is meant by "ascertainment" in 18th century attitudes toward English?

10. Since English never established an academy what served as the substitutes of the academy and how did these substitutes regulate the language?

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Test # 4: English 440/640 Crafton

1. The Neoclassical poet Alexander Pope rhymed tea with obey. Bearing that in mind and the other changes in English phonology that you have learned, transcribe the following phrase for each period indicated in the space beside the phrase.

OE min tea hus

ME My tea hus

16th My tea hus

18th My tea hus

Modern My tea hus

2. What is meant by "ascertainment" in 18th century attitudes toward English? (Cite at least three goals of the ascertainment movement.)

3. Cite at least three historical events prior to or during the Neoclassical period that might explain the "will to regulation" that we discussed in class.

4. Since English never established an academy what served as the substitutes of the academy and how did these substitutes regulate the language? Be specific. Cite at least three different substitutes.

5. Who is Dionysius Thrax (c. 100 b.c. Alexandria) and what possible role could he have in the story of English?

6. What made the Romantic sentiment fertile ground for the development of the descriptive or scientific study of languages?

7. What contribution did Robert Cawdrey's 1604 dictionary make

to the story of lexicography?

8. Characterize in as much detail as you can Dr. Johnson's great two volume dictionary.

9. What are the three traditions (schools, attitudes, styles) of grammar extent by the 18th century.

10. Joseph Priestly published his grammar in 1761 and Robert Lowth in 1762. Characterize the difference between the two grammars and explain why one was more popular than the other.

Test # 5: English 440/640 Crafton

1. Why are most native speakers of English monolingual?

2. What is the major prosodic difference between the native English of North American and that of the rest of the world?

3. What is the difference between a pidgin and a creole?

4. What is the chief difference in word stress between American English and British English?

5. What part-of-speech category retains the most inflections in PDE?

6. What type of noun phrase has experienced a great increase between EModE and PDE?

7. What connection is there between Scots-Irish and American English?

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8. How did Eastern New England dialect arise?

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9. What is the Pidgin-Creole hypothesis of Black vernacular English?

10. Based upon the last videotape of "The Story of English what does the state of English spoken in New Zealand, New Guinea ,Africa, and India (to name a few) imply for the future of PDE?

[If you answered the quiz at the end of the videotape last Monday, then you already have credit for this question and do not need to answer it. If you don't understand this, it probably does not apply to you.]

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Quiz # 5: English 440/640: Crafton

(Write on the back where you need to.)

1. What are some characteristic features (at least three) of Eastern New England dialect?

2. What is the historical explanation for this New England dialect? That is, when and where did it come and how is the connection proven?

3. What is the origin of the Scotch-Irish migration to America? That is, what is meant by Scotch-Irish, where and when did they come to American and where did they spread?

4. What are some characteristic dialectal features (at least three) of Scotch-Irish in America and where and how is that dialect spreading in America?

5. Explain what is meant by the Creole hypothesis of Black Vernacular English. What evidence is used to support it?

6. What is meant by the claim that Black Vernacular English is a legitimate variety of English? What is this claim opposed to?

7. Discuss the contribution to American English of the European migration groups (Germans, Italians, Irish) and the Jewish immigrants from all parts of Europe.

8. What effect did Noah Webster have on the development of American English both written and spoken?

9. What is the difference between the Bloomfieldians and the Chomksyites in their goals and methods of explaining grammar?

10. What is meant by the New Englishes and how might the development of these New Englishes affect what we know as

contemporary English as an international language?