The Millennium List Years: 1000-1371
Sridhara c. 1000	Indian mathematician who discovered the importance of zero.
William the Conqueror 1027-1087	Led the Norman conquest of England and usurped the English throne.
Pope Urban II 1042-1099	Inaugurated the Crusades.
Bhaskara 1114-1185	Indian mathematician who developed a decimal number system.
Saladin 1138-1193	Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
Genghis Khan 1162-1227	Mongol conqueror.
Aquinas, St. Thomas 1225-1274	Produced "Summa Theologica," a statement of Catholic theological doctrines.
Edward I 1239-1307	King of England who helped end feudalism.
Polo, Marco 1254-1324	Gave Europeans the first view of life in the Far East.
Osman 1258-1324	Turkish leader who is considered the founder of the Ottoman dynasty.
Alighieri, Dante 1265-1321	Italian poet, composed "The Divine Comedy."
Tamerlane 1336-1405	Turkish Mongol conqueror.
Petrarch 1304-1374	Italian poet and humanist.
Chaucer, Geoffrey 1343-1400	English poet, composed "The Canterbury Tales."
Cheng Ho 1371-1344	Chinese diplomat and explorer who opened China's trade.

The Millennium List Years: 1400-1694
Gutenberg, Johann 1400-1468	Developed movable type and the printing press for mass printing.
Yung Lo 1403-1424	Chinese emperor of Ming dynasty who opened up China's trade.
Joan of Arc 1412-1431	Patron saint of France who turned the Hundred Years' War in France's favor.
Medici, Lorenzo de' 1449-1492	Italian banker, statesman and Renaissance patron of art and scholarship.
Queen Isabella I 1451-1504	Created a united kingdom of Spain and financed Columbus' voyage.
Columbus, Christopher 1451-1506	Explored the Americas.
Da Vinci, Leonardo 1452-1519	Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist of the High Renaissance.
Gama, Vasco da 1460-1524	Discovered direct route from Europe to India around Africa.
Machiavelli, Niccolo 1469-1527	Political philosopher who advised rulers to employ ruthless use of force.
Copernicus, Nicolaus 1473-1543	Discovered the moon and planets revolve around the sun.
Michelangelo 1475-1564	Renaissance painter, sculptor and architect.
Pizarro, Francisco 1475-1541	Spanish adventurer who conquered Inca Empire in Peru.
Magellan, Ferdinand 1480-1521	Leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the earth.
Luther, Martin 1483-1546	Inaugurated the Protestant Reformation
Cortes, Hernando 1485-1547	Spanish conqueror of Mexico.
Loyola, St. Ignatius of 1491-1556	Founder of the Order of the Jesuits.
Henry VIII 1491-1547	King of England and founder of the Church of England.
Suleiman 1494-1566	Sultan of Turkey when the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith.
Calvin, John 1509-1564	Protestant theologian and moralist.
Queen Elizabeth I 1533-1603	English monarch.
Tokugawa, Ieyasu 1542-1616	Founder of Japan's Tokugawa dynasty who opened trade with China.
Cervantes, Miguel de 1547-1616	Spanish writer, best known for "Don Quixote."
Shakespeare, William 1550-1604	Playwright and poet.
Bacon, Francis 1561-1626	Philosopher who realized science and technology could transform the world.
Galilei, Galileo 1564-1642	Discovered uniform rate of acceleration and law of inertia.
Harvey, William 1578-1657	Discovered the circulation of blood and the function of the heart.
Hobbes, Thomas 1588-1679	Philosopher who provided a secular justification for the political state.
Shah Jahan 1592-1666	Indian emperor who built the Taj Mahal and the Pearl Mosque.
Descartes, Rene 1596-1650	French mathematician and philosopher.
Cromwell, Oliver 1599-1658	English Civil War leader who led the Parliamentary forces to victory.
Milton, John 1606-1674	English poet, composed "Paradise Lost."
Rembrandt 1606-1669	Dutch Baroque artist who is one of the greatest painters of Western art.
Locke, John 1632-1704	English philosopher who presented ideas of constitutional democracy.
Louis XIV 1638-1715	King of France whose reign is the longest in European history.
Newton, Sir Isaac 1642-1727	English mathematician and scientist, formulated the 4 laws of mechanics.
Peter the Great 1672-1725	Russian czar who instituted a policy of westernization.
Bach, Johann Sebastian 1685-1750	Composer.
Montesquieu 1689-1775	French political philosopher.
Voltaire 1694-1778	Writer, historian, philosopher, and leading figure of the French Enlightenment.


The Millennium List Years: 1706-1978
Franklin, Ben 1706-1790	Businessman, scientist, writer, and politician.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1712-1778	Philosopher whose writings paved the way for the French Revolution.
Smith, Adam 1723-1790	Presented the first comprehensive and systematic theory of economics.
Kant, Immanuel 1724-1804	Philosopher who sought to find the nature and limits of human knowledge.
Washington, George 1732-1799	First U.S. president.
Watt, James 1736-1819	Inventor of the first practical steam engine, key Industrial Revolution figure.
Jefferson, Thomas 1743-1826	Third U.S. president, author of the Declaration of Independence.
Jenner, Edward 1749-1823	Developed smallpox vaccination.
Madison, James 1751-1836	Fourth U.S. president who made the Bill of Rights part of the Constitution.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1756-1791	Composer.
Wollstonecraft, Mary 1759-1797	English feminist who advocated equality of education between sexes.
Dalton, John 1766-1844	Introduced the atomic hypothesis into the mainstream of science.
Bonaparte, Napoleon 1769-1821	French general and emperor.
Beethoven, Ludwig Van 1770-1827	Composer.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1770-1831	German idealist philosopher.
Austen, Jane 1775-1817	English novelist, wrote "Pride and Prejudice."
Chaka d.1898	Zulu warrior chief.
Clausewitz, Karl von 1780-1831	Prussian soldier and military theorist who published "On War."
Bolivar, Simon 1783-1830	Played a dominant role in the liberation of five South American countries.
Daguerre, Louis 1787-1851	Developed the first practical method of photography.
Faraday, Michael 1791-1867	Discovered the law of electromagnetic induction.
Morse, Samuel 1791-1872	Invented the telegraph and Morse code.
Babbage, Charles 1792-1871	Designed and built computing machines anticipating the modern computer.
Darwin, Charles 1809-1882	Originator of the theory of organic evolution by means of natural selection.
McCormick, Cyrus 1809-1884	Inventor of the first reaping machine.
Lincoln, Abraham 1809-1865	16th U.S. president who led the Union in the Civil War.
Poe, Edgar Allen 1809-1849	American writer.
Barnum, P.T. 1810-1891	American showman and circus innovator.
Dickens, Charles 1812-1870	English novelist.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 1815-1902	Chief political strategist and theorist of the U.S. women's rights movement.
Thoreau, Henry David 1817-1862	American writer, philosopher and naturalist, composed "Walden."
Douglass, Frederick 1817-1895	American abolitionist, writer and orator.
Marx, Karl 1818-1883	Originated scientific socialism, co-author of "The Communist Manifesto."
Morton, William T.G. 1819-1868	Principally responsible for the use of anesthesia in surgery.
Nightingale, Florence 1820-1910	English nurse who is considered the founder of modern nursing.
Anthony, Susan B. 1820-1906	Activist in temperance, abolition and women's suffrage movements.
Blackwell, Elizabeth 1821-1910	First U.S. woman doctor.
Barton, Clara 1821-1912	American humanitarian, nurse, and founder of the American Red Cross.
Tubman, Harriet 1821-1913	Leader of the Underground Railroad.
Mendel, Gregor 1822-1884	Discovered the basic principles of heredity.
Pasteur, Louis 1822-1895	Advocated the germ theory of disease and developed preventative inoculation.
Lister, Joseph 1827-1912	Introduced the use of antiseptic measures in surgery.
Tz'U-Hsu 1835-1908	Dowager empress of China.
Nietzsche, Friedrich 1844-1900	German existentialist philosopher.
Nation, Carry 1846-1911	American temperance leader.
Bell, Alexander Graham 1847-1922	Inventor of the telephone.
Edison, Thomas 1847-1931	Prolific American inventor.
Crazy Horse 1849-1877	Sioux chief who fought against white expansion in the western U.S.
Rhodes, Cecil 1853-1902	British statesman, main promoter of British rule in southern Africa.
Freud, Sigmund 1856-1939	Originator of psychoanalysis.
Ford, Henry 1863-1947	Automotive and industrial pioneer.
Carver, George Washington 1864-1943	American educator and innovator in the agricultural sciences.
Sun Yat-Sen 1866-1925	Chinese revolutionary leader and founder of the Republic of China.
Curie, Marie 1867-1934	Discovered and isolated radium.
Meiji (Emperor Mutsuhito) 1867-1912	Japanese Emperor whose ascension to the throne ended shogunate.
Wright, Frank Lloyd 1867-1959	American architect who is the pioneer of the modern style.
Wright Brothers 1867-1912	Invented and flew the first practical airplane.
Gandhi, Mohandas K. 1869-1948	Leader of Indian independence and prophet of non-violent revolution.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 1870-1924	Political leader primarily responsible for establishing Communism in Russia.
Rutherford, Ernest 1871-1937	Central figure in the discovery of radioactivity and the study of nuclear physics.
Caruso, Enrico 1871-1937	Italian dramatic tenor.
Frost, Robert 1874-1963	American poet, composed "The Road Not Taken."
Marconi, Guglielmo 1874-1937	Inventor of the radio.
Churchill, Winston 1874-1965	British prime minister during W.W.II.
Griffith, D.W. 1875-1948	Pioneering American film director often called the Father of the Motion Picture.
Reza Shah Pahlavi 1878-1944	Shah of Iran who modernized country and emancipated women.
Abdul-Aziz d.1953	First king of Saudi Arabia and father of 79 children.
Stalin, Joseph 1879-1953	Brutal general secretary of Communist party in USSR.
Einstein, Albert 1879-1955	Formulated the theory of relativity.
Sanger, Margaret 1879-1966	Pioneer birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.
Keller, Helen 1880-1968	Blind and deaf author, lecturer and pacifist.
Fleming, Alexander 1881-1955	Discoverer of penicillin.
Picasso, Pablo 1881-1973	Painter and sculptor, generally considered greatest artist of the 20th century.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1882-1945	32nd U.S. president who established the New Deal.
Woolf, Virginia 1882-1941	English author and feminist.
Joyce, James 1882-1941	Irish novelist and poet, wrote "Ulysses."
Gibran, Khalil 1883-1931	Lebanese-American writer, author of "The Prophet."
Keynes, John Maynard 1883-1946	British economist who is best known for his theory that recovery from a recession is best achieved by a government policy of full employment
Roosevelt, Eleanor 1884-1962	Crusader for human rights and civil rights, served as the first U.S. delegate to the U.N.
Ben-Gurion, David 1886-1973	First prime minister of Israel, regarded as the father of his country.
O'Keefe, Georgia 1887-1986	American artist and one of the founders of Modernism.
Hitler, Adolf 1889-1945	Leader of the Nazi party.
Zworykin, Vladimir 1889-1982	Primary developer of the television.
Chaplin, Charlie 1889-1977	English motion-picture actor, director, producer and composer.
Ho Chi Minh 1890-1969	Vietnamese Communist leader.
Haile Selassie I 1892-1975	Emperor who brought Ethiopia to independence and modernity.
Graham, Martha 1893-1997	Choreographer and dancer.
Mao Zedong 1893-1976	Chinese head of state, led communist party to power in China.
Fitzgerald, F. Scott 1896-1940	American writer of novels and short stories.
Earhart, Amelia 1898-1937	American aviator.
Anderson, Marian 1897-1993	First black opera singer to perform at the Met.
Meir, Golda 1898-1978	Israeli premier and one of the founders of the state of Israel.
Hemingway, Ernest 1899-1961	American novelist and short story writer.
Hitchcock, Alfred 1899-1980	Film director.
Ellington, Duke 1899-1974	American jazz composer, bandleader and pianist.
Astaire, Fred 1899-1987	American dancer and actor.
Rogers, Ginger 1911-1995	American dancer and actress.
Emperor Hirohito 1901-1989	Japanese emperor during WWII.
Hurston, Zora Neale 1901-1960	African-American anthropologist and writer.
Armstrong, Louis 1901-1971	American jazz musician.
Disney, Walt 1901-1966	American cartoon artist and producer of animated films.
Fermi, Enrico 1901-1954	Designed the first nuclear reactor.
Heisenberg, Werner 1901-1976	Principle creator of quantum mechanics.
Khomeini, Ruhollah 1902-1989	Iranian cleric who rose to Ayatollah.
Hughes, Langston 1902-1967	African-American writer.
Bob Hope 1903-	American comedian and film actor.
Pincus, Gregory 1903-1967	Principal developer of the oral contraceptive pill.
Oppenheimer, J. Robert 1904-1967	Directed development of atomic bomb.
Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997	Chinese head of state, developed China into a fast growing economy.
Carson, Rachel 1907-1964	American ecologist who drew public attention to environmental issues.
Mead, Margaret 1907-1978	American anthropologist.
Marshall, Thurgood 1908-1993	First black U.S. Supreme Court justice.
Davis, Bette 1908-1989	American film actress.
Beauvoir, Simone de 1908-1986	French writer and feminist theorist.
Murrow, Edward R. 1908-1965	American broadcast journalist.
Kurosawa, Akira 1910-1998	Film director.
Cousteau, Jacques 1910-1997	French naval officer, marine explorer and documentary filmmaker.
Mother Teresa of Calcutta 1910-1998	Nobel Prize winning Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity.
Reagan, Ronald 1911-	40th U.S. president.
Ball, Lucille 1911-1989	American comic actress.
Parks, Rosa 1913-	Pioneering civil rights leader.
Owens, Jesse 1913-1980	American track and field athlete.
Salk, Jonas 1914-1995	Developed the polio vaccine.
Welles, Orson 1915-1985	Filmmaker and actor.
Sinatra, Frank 1915-1998	American singer and film actor.
Watson & Crick 1916-	Determined the structure of DNA.
Pei, I.M 1917-	Chinese-American architect.
Gandhi, Indira 1917-1948	Indian prime minister.
Kennedy, John F. 1917-1963	U.S president who instituted Apollo Space Program.
Sadat, Anwar al- 1918-1981	Egyptian president who worked toward peace in the Middle East.
Mandela, Nelson 1918-	South African activist and first black president of South Africia.
Fitzgerald, Ella 1918-1996	American jazz singer.
Robinson, Jackie 1919-1972	First black major league baseball player.
Friedan, Betty 1921-	Feminist leader, author of "The Feminine Mystique" and founder of NOW.
Rabin, Yitzhak 1922-1995	Nobel Prize winning head of Israel.
Malcom X 1925-1965	Civil rights activist and Muslim leader.
Monroe, Marilyn 1926-1962	Actress and sex symbol.
Garcia-Marquez, Gabriel 1928-	Nobel Prize winning author of "One Hundred Years of Solitude."
Ali, Muhammad 1928-	American boxer and cultural icon.
Warhol, Andy 1928-1987	American painter, filmmaker and leader of the pop art movement.
Angelou, Maya 1928-	Poet-Laureate of the U.S., playwright and novelist.
Pol Pot 1928-1998	Leader of the Khmer Rouge guerrilla movement of Cambodia.
King Jr., Martin Luther 1929-1968	Martyred leader of the American civil rights movement.
Frank, Anne 1929-1945	German diarist, symbol of the Holocaust.
Armstrong, Neil 1930-	The first man on the moon.
O'Connor, Sandra Day 1930-	First woman U.S. Supreme Court justice.
Achebe, Chinua 1930-	Nigerian novelist and first African author to be read globally.
Ailey, Alvin 1931-1989	Dancer and choreographer.
Morrison, Toni 1931-	Nobel Prize-winning novelist, composed "Song of Solomon."
Gorbachev, Mikhail 1931-	Soviet premier and pivotal figure in the decline and fall of the Soviet empire
Tutu, Desmond 1931-	South African clergyman, civil rights activist and Nobel laureate.
Aquino, Corazon 1933-	First woman president of the Philippines.
Steinem, Gloria 1934-	American feminist, activist, author, and founder of "Ms." magazine.
Pavarotti, Luciano 1935-	Italian tenor.
Presley, Elvis 1935-1977	Singer, actor, and early pioneer of rock-and-roll music.
Mehta, Zubin 1936-	Indian-American conductor.
Cosby, Bill 1937-	American entertainer.
Hussein, Saddam 1937-	President of Iraq.
Pele 1940-	Brazilian soccer player.
Dylan, Bob 1941-	American musician and songwriter.
Hawking, Steven 1942-	Theoretical physicist related general relativity to quantum mechanics.
Walker, Alice 1944-	Pulitzer prize winning author, composed "The Color Purple."
Spielberg, Steven 1947-	American filmmaker.
Ride, Sally 1951-	First American woman in space.
Tenzin Gyatso 1935-	14th Dalai Lama and Nobel laureate.
Bhutto, Benazir 1953-	Pakistani prime minister.
Winfrey, Oprah 1954-	American TV talk show host and actress.
The Beatles 1960-1970	Band that revolutionized pop music.
Gates, Bill 1955-	Chairman and CEO of Microsoft.
Kahn, Robert E. / Cerf, Vinton G	Developed TCP/IP protocol, the common computer language that gave birth to the Internet.
Wilmut, Ian 1944-	Embryologist, cloned "Dolly."
Jackson, Michael 1958-	American pop singer, songwriter and dancer.
Madonna 1959-	Singer, songwriter, actress, and performer.
The Grateful Dead 1965-	American rock-and-roll band.
Lady Diana Princess of Wales 1961-1997	Princess of Wales and humanitarian.
White, Ryan 1971-1990	Public figure for his fight against AIDS.
Brown, Louise 1978-	The first test tube baby.

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